Common diseases of corn include empty stalks, bald tops, and missing grains. The empty stalk is commonly called "the son of the valley", which means that the corn plants do not produce spikes or have spikes that cannot grow. Baldness refers to the phenomenon that the top of the ear is not strong. There are two kinds of granules: First, there are several rows on one side of the ear that are not strong from the base to the top. It is commonly called “half-side grainâ€, mainly because the filaments hang down to one side, affecting normal pollination and forming half-grain-free seeds. Second, the lack of stars The grain, that is, the grain on the ear, is one in the east, commonly known as the "scorpion grain valley".
main reason
Variety characteristics If the lean type is selected, it will increase the empty stalk rate. Generally, the baldness of dentate varieties and hybrids is larger than that of hard-grain varieties and local species.
Planting density is too large, the planting density of the corn is too large, and the plants are blocked prematurely, resulting in the result that the functional leaves of the ear are shaded, the light is insufficient, the nutrition is lacking, the individual development of the plant is poor, and the differentiation of the ear is blocked, which is the main reason for the formation of empty stalk. Generally, the higher the density, the higher the empty stalk rate. According to the survey, 3500-4500 plants per mu, the empty stalk rate is 3-5%; 4500-5200 plants per mu, the empty stalk rate is 5-9%; - 6300 strains, the empty stalk rate can reach about 20%. At the same time, due to the excessive density, the leaves are connected to each other to cover the filaments of the ear, which causes the ears to fail to pollinate normally and form a grain-deficient phenomenon.
The imbalance of nutrient supply is the lack of nutrition and the increase of empty stalks; the second is the improper proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which also increases the empty stalk rate. If phosphorus deficiency and potassium deficiency occur, the sugar metabolism in the stem is blocked, resulting in an increase in sugar content in the stem and a decrease in the sugar transferred to the ear. The ear can not develop due to nutrient deterioration, and the ear is formed into an empty stalk, so the taste of the empty stalk is also Sweeter. During the development of pollen and ear, if nutrients and water are insufficient, especially phosphorus and potassium are deficient, nutrient transport is blocked, female flower formation is destroyed, and infertility pollen is also increased, which worsens the pollination conditions and causes baldness and lack of grain.
Large and small seedling unevenness due to poor seed quality, early sowing, shallow sowing and inconsistent cover soil thickness, etc., cause seedlings are incomplete and incomplete, especially the seedlings or replanting cause seedling strength difference, forming a big bully, to Strong bullying of the bad group structure, resulting in small seedlings, weak plants are not strong and form empty stalks.
Adverse weather effects If the drought occurs during the formation or development of corn ears, the ears cannot be properly extracted or extracted, and the silk can not be spit out, or the extraction time is too late, and the pollination period is missed to form empty stalks.
In the process of ear differentiation, if there is continuous rain, on the one hand, the soil will have long-term water accumulation, poor ventilation, and weaken the absorption capacity of the root system. On the other hand, due to insufficient light, photosynthesis is weakened, resulting in insufficient nutrients and inability to differentiate the ears or After differentiation, it can not develop normally and form empty stalks. Before and after the corn is squirmed, if the soil moisture is seriously insufficient, the male and female are not coordinated. When the top of the ear is pulled out, the baldness is generated due to insufficient pollen. During the flowering period of corn, if the temperature is lower than 18 ° C or higher than 38 ° C, male flowers are not open. When the temperature is between 32 ° C and 35 ° C and the relative humidity is only 30%, the pollen life is short (1 - 2 hours), and the filament is easy to dry and cause baldness and lack of grain.
In addition, pests and diseases such as corn borer and head smut attack are also likely to cause empty stalks; extremely abnormal weather such as strong winds and heavy rains also have a great influence on flowering pollination and form baldness and granules.
Prevention and treatment
The correct selection of good varieties is to use hybrids with high yield potential and low stalk rate to achieve timely sowing and planting. For areas with poor natural conditions, large climate change, and thin soil ridges, it is advisable to use hard or semi-horse species with strong ridge adaptability; for areas with good fertilizer and water conditions (blocks), Kind is appropriate.
Improve the quality of sowing and fine soil preparation, adopt the fertilizer group to raise seedlings, and carry out graded transplanting to ensure the seedlings, seedlings and seedlings.
Improve lighting conditions within the group
First, reasonable close planting should be carried out according to the characteristics of the variety, soil fertility and cultivation level. Second, belt and casing should be adopted to improve the middle and upper light conditions of the group.
Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, adhere to the principle of fertilization of “applying sufficient base fertilizer, lightly applying seedling fertilizer, skillfully applying stalk fertilizer, attacking panicle fertilizer, and applying granular fertilizer†to achieve nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic and inorganic fertilizers to meet the requirements of corn. The overall demand for nutrients during the birth period.
　　 Timely irrigation and drainage of the corn flare period and silking period is the critical period of water demand. Once the drought occurs, it should be watered in time to maintain the field water holding capacity of 70-80%, which promotes the differentiation of male and male ears and the formation and development of tassel pollen. At the same time, the spring flowering and fruiting period is positive in the rainy season, and extremely extreme weather such as heavy rain is very easy to occur. In case of encounter, the water should be removed in time to promote the normal growth of corn.
Advocating artificial-assisted pollination and interlaced emasculation artificially-assisted pollination is an effective measure to satisfy the pollen required for the ear, reduce baldness and lack of grain. De-male can reduce nutrient consumption, promote male-female coordination, reduce mites and increase yield. However, in case of continuous rain or high temperature, it is not appropriate to go to the male.
Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases in the middle and late stages of corn, in a timely manner to comprehensive prevention and control of large and small spot disease, sheath blight, corn borer, aphids and other pests and diseases, to ensure the normal growth and development of corn ears.
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