Abstract The vast ocean contains abundant resources and huge reserves, especially the development of offshore oil and natural gas, which has become the focus of attention of all economic powers. The marine engineering equipment that emerged from this is the development, utilization and protection of all kinds of equipment used in marine activities.
The vast ocean contains a wide variety of resources and huge reserves, especially the development of offshore oil and natural gas, which has become the focus of attention of today's economic powers. The marine engineering equipment thus emerged is the general term for all kinds of equipment used in human development, utilization and protection of marine activities. It is the premise and foundation of marine economic development and is at the core of the marine industry value chain. The marine engineering equipment manufacturing industry is characterized by intensive knowledge and technology, low consumption of materials and resources, large growth potential and good comprehensive benefits. It is a leading industry for the development of the marine economy, an important component of strategic emerging industries, and also a high-end equipment manufacturing industry. Important direction. Facing the development of marine resources, a growing emerging market, countries around the world are actively developing relevant equipment, and accelerating the development and utilization of marine resources has become an important strategic orientation for the development of countries around the world. The next five to ten years will be a crucial period for the development of China's marine engineering equipment manufacturing industry. It is necessary to cope with the increasingly fierce international competition challenges, and to seize the opportunities for increased demand for marine resources development equipment at home and abroad, and further enhance the sense of urgency and responsibility. Collaboration, facing difficulties, and striving to make China's marine engineering equipment manufacturing capabilities and standards to a new level through 10 years of development.
Development is still in the third camp
Statistics show that China's energy consumption increased by 11.9% in 2010, accounting for 20.3% of the world's energy consumption. For the first time, it has surpassed the United States to become the world's largest energy consumer. Energy security is not only related to the economic security of a country, but also an important guarantee for national defense security. It is imperative to develop marine resources and reduce external dependence on energy. Closely focusing on the development of marine resources and vigorously developing the marine engineering equipment manufacturing industry is of great strategic significance for China's development and utilization of the ocean, improving the comprehensive competitiveness of the marine industry, driving the development of related industries, building a maritime power, and promoting the transformation and upgrading of the national economy.
Ocean engineering is divided into three major categories: coastal engineering, offshore engineering and deep-sea engineering. China's offshore engineering equipment manufacturing industry has a large gap with international developed countries and is still in the third camp of the industry. Among them, the coastal engineering can basically be completed by China at present; it can design some shallow sea marine engineering equipment independently, but it is basically not involved in the design and construction of high-end and new equipment, and it does not have the core technology research and development capability; and the front-end design of deep-water marine engineering equipment is still Blank, lack of professional design institutions and lack of professional designers; most domestic shipbuilding companies lack relevant experience in offshore engineering construction and management, which restricts the rapid development of China's offshore engineering equipment manufacturing industry to some extent.
In oil and gas engineering equipment: Since the late 1970s, China's marine oil and gas engineering equipment development has achieved many results, and the development and utilization of many forms and uses of marine engineering equipment has played an important role in China's energy construction. . After the new century, China's marine engineering equipment manufacturing industry has made great progress, especially the offshore oil and gas development equipment has a good development foundation.
Among them, offshore oil exploration began only in the late 1950s. China's offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production are mainly in the continental shelf, and the offshore waters with a water depth of less than 300m do not have the capability of deep water operation exceeding 500m. The discovery rate of offshore crude oil is only 18.5%, and the natural gas discovery rate is only 9.2%. China still lacks the necessary deep-sea drilling and development equipment. Although some of the more advanced oil and gas engineering equipment has been localized, domestic manufacturers still basically stay in the manufacture of structural parts. The related supporting parts technology lags behind, and the key equipment and technology are still in the hands of foreign manufacturers, which seriously restricts the scale development of offshore oil and gas.
China National Offshore Oil Corporation has witnessed the development of China's offshore oil engineering equipment from scratch, from small to large, from offshore to distant seas, from good sea conditions to poor sea conditions. The quantity and development technology of China's FPSO (ie floating production, storage and unloading device) is still in the forefront of the world. According to the ODP report, a new FPSO has been developed 4 to 5 years earlier than abroad. However, other offshore oil engineering installations still lag behind the world's advanced level for more than 20 years.
On the submarine pipeline: among the various transportation modes of petroleum energy in the world, the safest, stable and reliable pipeline transportation, the development of offshore oil, the connection between various oil fields and production platforms all rely on submarine pipelines, and all The laying of submarine pipelines relies entirely on pipelaying vessels, and large-scale hoisting pipelaying vessels are indispensable and important equipment in marine oil and gas development equipment. The hoisting pipelaying vessel is a large-scale high-tech marine engineering operation vessel engaged in the installation of offshore oil and natural gas transmission pipelines and offshore engineering equipment.
Because of the technical difficulties and the variety of equipment involved, there are currently only three to four major suppliers of pipelaying equipment in the world, mainly in Europe and North America. Domestic technical research in the field of marine pipelaying is very limited. At present, there are few domestic pipelaying equipments, and pipelaying equipment basically relies on imports. At present, the equipment used is basically very old, and the current purchase price of pipelaying equipment is very high. Expensive, long lead times.
On the deep sea platform: At present, countries with advanced marine engineering technologies, such as the United States, Norway and the United Kingdom, attach great importance to the research of deep-sea platforms, exploring the comprehensive utilization of deep-water tension leg platform technology, single-cylindrical platform (SPAR) technology and barrel-based technology. Wait for the development of a new platform form. According to reports, as a concept study, the working depth of the platform has exceeded 1500m (so-called extremely deep water) and is expected to reach 8,000 feet. China's current deep-sea platform development equipment technology has made great progress in the introduction, digestion, absorption, re-innovation and localization. It has the self-elevating platform and the design and construction capability of the platform-type platform, and has many platforms and hulls at home and abroad. Construction experience, especially offshore oil equipment construction technology, is maturing.
Although China has a lot of achievements in the structural analysis, torsion analysis and fatigue analysis of the fixed platform, there is still a certain gap with the world level. Tension leg platform, single cylindrical platform (SPAR), floating production system, deep water multi-submersible platform will be the hot trend of deep sea platform technology development. The research and development of the new platform structure form mainly has the advantages of good sports performance, low cost, nonlinear dynamic response, and the ultimate load carrying capacity of the tension leg.
Large and super large floating structure: meeting the life and construction of China's far-reaching island reefs, island reef and marine tourism, maritime rights enforcement, marine oil and gas resources development, logistics support, large gas field development and offshore LNG receiving station construction The urgent need, according to the wind, wave and flow distribution of different sea areas, combined with the needs of different types of floating structure types, focus on the small water line surface semi-submersible box type, cylindrical truss combination type, single hull type unit floating type Research on key technologies in the design, construction and installation of deep and large-scale floating structures such as structural and composite floating structures and deep-sea natural gas floating equipment, and demonstration projects for large-scale floating structures in phases.
Very large floating bodies are characterized by a large scale (to-wavelength ratio) and relatively small vertical scales. The marine environment in which it is located is extremely complex, and the direction and size of incoming or outgoing waves may vary throughout the building, while very large floating bodies are permanent or non-permanent offshore structures. As a military use, it must also have a certain ability to resist violence and impact.
Offshore floating production systems are not only used in the development of offshore marginal oil fields, but also in large offshore oil fields. The water depth of the operation is gradually developed from shallow water to deep water. However, there are still many technical problems, such as the dynamic characteristics and motion response analysis of the system; vortex-induced vibration and fatigue of elongated flexible members (such as mooring chains, risers, etc.) Analysis; the ultimate strength and fatigue problems of the production of oil storage vessels have yet to be resolved.
Four major problems constrain industry development
At present, China has basically realized the independent design and construction of shallow water and oil equipment, and some marine engineering ships have formed brands, and breakthroughs have been made in deep sea equipment manufacturing. In addition, marine renewable energy development equipment such as offshore wind energy has been initially industrialized, and the development of marine chemical resources such as seawater desalination and comprehensive utilization has taken shape, and the level of equipment technology has been continuously improved. However, compared with the world's advanced level, industrial development is still in its infancy, with small economic scale and market share; weak R&D design and innovation capabilities, and core technologies relying on foreign countries; it has not yet formed a specialized manufacturing capability with strong international competitiveness. The low end of the industrial chain; the supporting capacity is seriously insufficient, the core equipment and systems mainly rely on imports; the industrial system is not perfect, the development of related service industries lags behind, and there are many problems in industrial development.
First, insufficient basic technology and construction experience. China's offshore engineering equipment manufacturing industry and the developed countries in the world have a large gap in development level. They are still in the third camp of the industry. The design and development capability is far from the foreign countries. At present, only some shallow sea marine engineering equipment can be designed independently, and it is basically not involved in high-end. In the field of new equipment design and construction, it does not have the core technology research and development capabilities. The front-end design of deep-water offshore engineering equipment is still blank, with fewer professional design institutions and fewer professional designers. In addition, most domestic shipping companies have not been involved in the offshore engineering market, and lack of experience in offshore engineering construction and management has somewhat restricted The rapid development of China's marine engineering equipment manufacturing industry.
Second, the ability of independent innovation is not strong, and foreign technology is blocked. Marine engineering products have high technical characteristics, while domestic offshore engineering enterprises lack the support of technology and related scientific research talents, and their independent innovation capability is not strong. Basically, they refer to or directly introduce foreign technology, undertake orders for offshore engineering products, and have low technical content; at the same time, the ocean The various functional modules of the platform and various types of supporting equipment have many specifications, and the requirements for technical performance, materials, precision, reliability, life and environmental adaptability are very strict. The high-end supporting equipment with many patented technologies and high added value is often The monopoly of foreign suppliers is facing the grim facts of foreign technology blockade. The core technology is subject to people, and the problems in the development process cannot be ignored.
Third, the competition areas of domestic enterprises overlap, and the initial structural overcapacity is hidden. In recent years, many large domestic shipping companies have resorted to the transformation of offshore engineering equipment, and strive to expand the construction of offshore engineering equipment bases. The shipbuilding industry has once again emerged in a heyday. However, limited by the limitations of technology, talents and supporting support, the competition in the domestic marine engineering products overlaps heavily, mainly in the shallow water and low-end deep-water equipment competition. The design and construction of high-end marine engineering equipment is basically blank, and marine engineering enterprises are gathered at the low end of the value chain. The structure of supply and demand of offshore engineering equipment is uneven, and new structural overcapacity is emerging.
Fourth, the development of marine engineering equipment supporting industry is seriously lagging behind. Due to the high technical requirements and difficult development of offshore engineering supporting equipment, China's supporting equipment production capacity is weak, and most of the marine engineering equipment supporting equipment depends on imports. Especially in the core supporting field, China's self-matching rate is less than 5%. Auxiliary equipment is a key link in the value chain of offshore engineering equipment, accounting for up to 55%. The key technologies are basically monopolized by European and American companies, and China only has a certain share in low-end supporting products. If China's marine engineering supporting industry cannot achieve synchronous development with the offshore engineering equipment manufacturing industry, China's offshore engineering enterprises will be firmly nailed to the low end of the marine engineering industry chain, which is also the biggest hidden danger for Chinese enterprises to enter the offshore engineering market.
Now many domestic companies have begun to get involved in this field. The domestic manufacturing enterprises represented by Zhenhua Heavy Industry have entered the offshore industry since the beginning of this century, which has changed the low level of the development of China's offshore engineering, which has only been built in the past, and has established itself as a foothold for independent research and development. In the past 10 years of development, a series of multi-type offshore equipment products with independent intellectual property rights have entered the market. And the national-level "National Maritime Lifting and Pipelaying Core Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center" was established. The related products have won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award and the Shanghai Science and Technology Progress Award. Now Zhenhua Heavy Industry has led the development of domestic marine engineering equipment manufacturing. There are mature jack-up drilling platforms, various special-purpose engineering vessels, wind power installation platforms and various offshore supporting products, leading domestic related products to the market. (The author is the director of Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industry (Group) Gear and Special Transmission Research Institute)
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