Reaction mechanism? The general term for the process through which the reaction passes, that is, the entire process through which the raw material passes through a chemical reaction to become a product, is also referred to as the reaction mechanism or reaction mechanism. The organic reaction process is one of the important contents of higher organic chemistry.
The nucleophilic reagent provides a pair of electron-reactive reagents to form a covalent bond in an ionic reaction. Lewis bases are nucleophiles.
Electrophilic reagent An agent that accepts a pair of electron-covalent bonds from a reactant in an ionic reaction. Lewis acids are electrophiles.
The transition state theory, also called activation complex theory, is a theory about the reaction speed. This theory assumes that the reactant molecules are first activated to form the activation complex, ie, the transition state, in the process of mutual proximity. The transition state is then decomposed into products at a certain rate, and the reactants→transition states→products. The reaction progress diagram shows the route through which the reactants pass to the product with the least energy requirement.
Transition state TS The intermediate state between the reactants and the product, located at the highest energy position in the reaction progress map. It is very unstable and cannot be observed by experimental methods. It can only make theoretical assumptions or assumptions about its structure based on the principle that the structures are similar and the internal energy is similar.
Principle of microscopic reversibility For reversible reactions, the positive and negative reactions (under the same conditions) must be carried out in the opposite direction with the same reaction history.
Speed ​​control Speed ​​control, also known as dynamics control, uses a fast response to control the product for reversible reactions in multiple directions. Lowering the reaction temperature or shortening the reaction time tends to favor the rate-controlled reaction.
The balance control balance conrtol is also called thermodynamic control. For reversible reactions that can be performed in a variety of directions, the control performed when equilibrium is reached is utilized. Raising the reaction temperature or prolonging the reaction time will generally favor the equilibrium controlled reaction. Medical Education Network Collection
Isotope label isotope? Label An experimental method for determining the distribution of isotopes in a product using an isotope labelled reactant (usually a partial label). Let us know where the reaction occurred. It is one of the important methods to study the reaction process.
Isotope effect isotope effect In chemical reactions, the reaction speed between H and D is different. Expressed as the ratio of KH/KD. The isotope effect provides the basis for determining the constant-velocity step in a multi-step reaction.
Organolithium compounds are also known as organolithium reagents. There are many similarities between organolithium and organomagnesium compounds (Grignard reagents). They are all soluble in ** and other ether solvents. Their chemical properties are similar. Any organic magnesium can react, organic lithium compounds can occur. It is also more active than organic magnesium compounds, Grignard reagents can not react Organic lithiols may proceed. However, due to the high cost of organic lithium, it is not necessary to use lithium compounds for reactions that use organic magnesium. Of course, reactions that must be completed with organic lithiated materials are sometimes excluded.
Lithium and magnesium have more negatively charged sodium and potassium, C-Li bonds and C-Mg bonds are polar covalent bonds, so the reactivity of organic compounds of these two metals is milder; Convenient; and, they also have a variety of reaction performance, can be used to prepare various types of organic compounds, which is why organic lithium and organic magnesium are widely used in organic synthesis.
The reaction intermediate is also called active intermediate reactive intermediate. The active intermediate in the multi-step organic reaction.
Carbonium carbocations contain radicals with positively charged trivalent carbon atoms.
The super acid super acid generally refers to an acidic solution having an acidity of more than 98%** and having an acidity 106 to 1010 times higher than that of an ordinary inorganic acid.
The carbanion Carbanion is a reactive intermediate with a negative charge on the carbon atom. Medical Education Network Collection
Carbohydrate Carbon acid Some hydrogens attached to carbon atoms have a certain degree of acidity, called carbonic acid, also known as hydrocarbon acid. The acidity of carbonic acid is generally small. Its conjugate base is a carbon negative ion
Hybrid effects have different effects on the properties of the material due to the different state of the atomic hybridization. Because this different influence is caused by the different composition of the S orbit in the hybrid orbit, it is also called the S-nature effect. For example, in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, the degree of difficulty in the protonation of hydrogen atoms linked to carbon atoms in different hybridization states, that is, the strength of acidity is different, and the stability of generated carbon anions is also different.
Free radicals are also called free radicals. Free radicals are the products of covalent bond homolysis, with unpaired lone electrons, and are also important reactive intermediates. The central carbon atom of carbon radicals is trivalent, and the valence electron layer is seven. Electrons, and must have one electron as an unpaired lone electron.
Carbene, also known as carbene Carbene, is a general term for methylene and its derivatives. The carbene center carbon atom is a neutral divalent carbon atom and contains six valence electrons. Four valence electrons participate in forming two σ bonds, and the remaining two valence electrons are free. The simplest carbene is: CH2, also known as methylene. Carbones are also an important class of reactive intermediates and are very reactive intermediates.
Reimer-Tiemann reaction Under alkaline conditions, phenol and chloroform react to produce o-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The reaction is achieved by the hydrolysis of dichlorocarbene with an electron-rich benzene ring followed by hydrolysis.
Nichun, also known as nitrene, is a reactive intermediate of monovalent nitrogen. The simplest nitrene is H—N:, also known as nitrous, which is the parent of nitrene, and the other nitrene is a derivative of H—N:. Nitriene is a general term for H-N: and its derivatives. Nitriene is a nitrogen analog of carbene and its structure and reaction are similar to carbene.
Benzyne Benzyne or Dehydrobenzene is an active intermediate in the nucleophilic substitution reaction of benzene ring
Simon-Smith reaction Simmons-smith reaction Dimethyl iodide and zinc-copper alloy In a suspension of **, a compound containing a C=C double bond is added to produce a reaction with a high yield of a cyclopropane derivative. It is a reaction of a carbene complex with an olefin. The reaction has a high degree of stereoselectivity and is of great significance in terms of synthesis.
Sulfonate anion. Sulfonic acid is a strong acid, sulfonate anion is a weak base, and it is a good leaving group in nucleophilic substitution reaction and elimination reaction. In organic synthesis, alkyl sulfonates are commonly used in place of alkyl halides. Commonly used is ** sulfonic acid ester, ** sulfonyl English name is p-Toluenesulfonyl, abbreviated Ts, ** sulfonate can be written as TsOR.
SN1 reaction SN1 reaction Single molecule nucleophilic substitution reaction, "SN" Substitution Nucleophilic nucleophilic substitution, "1" represents single molecule.
SN2 reaction SN2 reaction Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction, "SN" Substitution Nucleophilic nucleophilic substitution, "2" indicates bimolecular.
The neighboring group participates in the participation of neighboring groups. The result of the neighboring group participation or the promotion of the reaction rate increases abnormally, or leads to the formation of cyclic compounds, or limits the configuration of the reaction product. Medical Education Network Collection
Neighboring group effect Neighboring group effect. Neighboring group effect
Freidel-Krafts alkylation reaction for short Fu-ke alkylation Friedel-Crafts aklylation
Goldman-Koch responds to Gatterman-Koch? The reation is also called aromatic ring formylation. Under the catalysis of anhydrous AlCl3, CO and HCl act as formylation agents, introducing the formyl reaction on the aromatic ring.
Π-complex π complex In the electrophilic substitution reaction of aromatics, an intermediate product of electrophilic reagents and weakly bound delocalized π-electrons on the aromatic ring.
σ complex σ complex In the electrophilic substitution reaction of aromatics, the electrophile is connected to a carbon atom on the aromatic ring by a sigma bond, the cyclic conjugated system of the benzene ring is destroyed, and the four π electrons on the ring are destroyed. The domain is on the other five carbon atoms in the ring. The σ complex is a delocalized carbon cation that is very active and it loses protons to complete the electrophile reaction. One step in the formation of the σ complex is a constant rate step of the electrophile reaction process.
Sandmeyer reaction Sandmeyer reaction? In the presence of copper salts, diazo groups are replaced by CI, Br, or CN.
LDA Lithium diisopropylamide, two large volumes of isopropylamine groups, make LDA nucleophilic very weak, but very strong alkaline is called non-nucleophilic strong base.
Tritium ion Onium ion tricyclic cation, is the reactive intermediate of the reaction. In the addition reaction of simple and non-conjugated olefins with halogens, hypohalous acid, and mercuric acetate, corresponding hydrazine ions are generated, which determines that the addition reaction is trans addition.
AdE2 process Bimolecular electrophilic addition? The bimolecular electrophilic addition process is further divided into two molecular electrophilic addition processes of cesium ions and two molecular electrophilic addition processes of carbon cations.
AdE3 process Termolecular electrophilic addition? Trimolecular electrophilic addition process. In general, the addition of olefins to hydrogen halides tends to favor the AdE3 process if relatively unstable carbon cations are formed, resulting in trans addition products.