The cutting of the machine tool is realized by the relative motion between the tool and the workpiece. The motion can be divided into two types: surface forming motion and auxiliary motion.
The surface forming motion is a motion that causes the workpiece to achieve the desired surface shape and size, including main motion, feed motion, and cut motion. The main motion is the main motion when peeling off excess material from the workpiece blank. It can be the rotary motion of the workpiece (such as turning), linear motion (such as planing on a planer), or the rotary motion of the tool (such as Milling and drilling) or linear motion (such as cutting and broaching); the feed motion is the movement of the tool and the part to be machined to move, so that the cutting can continue, such as the tool holder slide along the machine guide when turning the outer circle The movement of the cutting motion is a movement that cuts the tool into the surface of the workpiece to a certain depth. The function is to cut a certain thickness of material from the surface of the workpiece during each cutting stroke, such as the transverse cutting motion of the small tool holder when turning the outer circle.
Auxiliary movements mainly include rapid approach and exit of tools or workpieces, adjustment of machine component positions, workpiece indexing, tool post indexing, feeding of materials, starting, shifting, reversing, stopping, and automatic tool change.
The indicators for evaluating the technical performance of machine tools can ultimately be attributed to machining accuracy and production efficiency. Machining accuracy includes dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy, positional accuracy, surface quality, and precision retention of the machined workpiece. Productivity involves cutting time and auxiliary time, as well as the degree of automation and reliability of the machine. On the one hand, these indicators depend on the static characteristics of the machine tool, such as static geometric accuracy and stiffness; on the other hand, they are more related to the dynamic characteristics of the machine tool, such as motion accuracy, dynamic stiffness, thermal deformation and noise.
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